INFORMATION Navigate 1.3. Other Components of the Climate System 1.3.1. The Oceans In section 1.2.5 it became clear that the atmosphere does not respond as an isolated system. Like the atmosphere, the thermodynamic state of the oceans is determined by the transfer of heat, momentum and moisture to and […]
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2.1. Introduction The global climate must be viewed as operating within a complex atmosphere/earth/ocean/ice/land system. Any change to this system, resulting in climate change, is produced by forcing agents – the causes of climate change. Such forcing agents may be either internal or external. External forcing mechanisms involve agents acting […]
The F-C relationship for atmospheric ozone is more complex than for other trace gases because of its marked vertical variations in absorption and concentration. Changes in ozone can cause greenhouse forcing by influencing both solar and infrared radiation (section 1.2.4). The net change in radiative forcing is strongly dependent on […]
The range of non-marine sediment studies providing relevant palaeoclimatic information is vast. Aeolian, glacial, lacustrine and fluvial deposits are, to a greater degree, a function of climate, though it is often difficult to distinguish specific causes of climatic change. Erosional features such as ancient lacustrine or marine shorelines, or glacial […]
INFORMATION IntroductionAtmosphere – Composition – Carbon dioxide – Methane – Nitrous oxide – Ozone – Chlorofluorocarbons – Other Trace Gases – Aerosols – Vertical Structure – Radiation Laws – Energy Budget – Energy Transfers – SummaryThe Climate System – Oceans – Cryosphere – Biosphere – GeosphereConclusion IntroductionNon-Radiative ForcingRadiative ForcingTime ScalesExternal Forcing – Galactic Variations – Orbital Variations – Obliquity – Eccentricity – Precession – Milankovitch Cycles – Solar VariationsInternal Forcing – Orogeny – Epeirogeny – Volcanic Activity – Ocean Circulation – Atmospheric CompositionClimatic FeedbackClimate SensitivityConclusion IntroductionInstrumental Data – Climate Elements – Temperature – Rainfall – Humidity – Wind – Homogeneity – Statistical AnalysisProxy Data – Historical Records – Ice Cores – Stable Isotopes – Ice Characteristics – Dating Ice Cores – Dendroclimatology – Ocean Sediments – Biogenic – Terrigenous – Terrestrial Sediments – Periglacial Features – Glacial Fluctuations – Lake-Levels – Pollen Analysis – Sedimentary RocksConclusion IntroductionClimate SystemClimatic ResponseClimate Models – EBMs – RCMs – SDMs – GCMsValidationConclusion IntroductionPre-Quaternary – Precambrian Climate – Phanerozoic […]
INFORMATION IntroductionAtmosphere – Composition – Carbon dioxide – Methane – Nitrous oxide – Ozone – Chlorofluorocarbons – Other Trace Gases – Aerosols – Vertical Structure – Radiation Laws – Energy Budget – Energy Transfers – SummaryThe Climate System – Oceans – Cryosphere – Biosphere – GeosphereConclusion IntroductionNon-Radiative ForcingRadiative ForcingTime ScalesExternal Forcing – Galactic Variations – Orbital Variations – Obliquity – Eccentricity – Precession – Milankovitch Cycles – Solar VariationsInternal Forcing – Orogeny – Epeirogeny – Volcanic Activity – Ocean Circulation – Atmospheric CompositionClimatic FeedbackClimate SensitivityConclusion IntroductionInstrumental Data – Climate Elements – Temperature – Rainfall – Humidity – Wind – Homogeneity – Statistical AnalysisProxy Data – Historical Records – Ice Cores – Stable Isotopes – Ice Characteristics – Dating Ice Cores – Dendroclimatology – Ocean Sediments – Biogenic – Terrigenous – Terrestrial Sediments – Periglacial Features – Glacial Fluctuations – Lake-Levels – Pollen Analysis – Sedimentary RocksConclusion IntroductionClimate SystemClimatic ResponseClimate Models – EBMs – RCMs – SDMs – GCMsValidationConclusion IntroductionPre-Quaternary – Precambrian Climate – Phanerozoic […]